Asesoria Fiscal

Derecho comercial y Mercantil (Braxton Abogados Internacionales)

Tax Efficient — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 10:26:15 +0000

A continuación se presentan algunos de los servicios más comunes que Braxton Abogados Internacionales ofrece sobre derecho mercantil y comercial internacional:

Derecho del Comercio Internacional. Servicios de derecho del comercio internacional ofrecidos por Braxton Abogados Internacionales.
Derecho de los Negocios Internacionales. Braxton Abogados Internacionales proporciona servicios juridicos a las empresas internacionales.
Creacion de Sociedades. Ofreciendo compañías a empresarios de todo el mundo con el asesoramiento de Braxton Abogados Internacionales.

Internacionalizacion. Braxton Abogados Internacionales ofrece una completa gama de servicios legales de internacionalización para las empresas.
Preservacion de la Riqueza. Servicios de planificacion internacional y planificacion en la proteccion de activos.
Contratacion Internacional. Servicios juridicos de elaboracion de contratos y acuerdos internacionales.
Arbitraje Internacional. Servicios de arbitraje Internacional y de Resolucion de Conflictos.
Tributacion Internacional. Braxton Abogados Internacionales, a traves de sus Unidades especializadas en tributacion internacional, es lider en planificacion fiscal internacional.
Derecho de Internet y el Comercio Electronico. Servicios legales de Braxton Abogados Internacionales en Internet y Comercio Electronico para empresas con proyeccion internacional.
Derecho de la Privacidad. Servicios Juridicos de Braxton Abogados Internacionales sobre Privacidad adaptados a la realidad actual.
Regulacion Europea de Negocios Internacionales. Servicios basados en la experiencia europea de Braxton Abogados Internacionales trabajando en la Comisión y el Parlamento Europeo.

Braxton Abogados Internacionales

www.jpa-iac.com

legal@braxton-co.com

Trust and Abuse of Law

Tax Efficient — Fri, 20 May 2011 08:57:06 +0000

Trust and Abuse of Law

In addition, the Court also pronounced its view on the hypothesis of abuse of law. H. had alleged that the trust in Bermuda was irrevocable and discretionary, so that he had relinquished his personal wealth in favour of the trust. The Court recognised that, as a rule, this approach should be adopted, even in Swiss tax law. The Court emphasised nonetheless that the Swiss tax authorities did not yet have any uniform practice in this respect.

However in this particular case, the Bermuda trust had since been liquidated and its assets reverted to H. Moreover, among the seized documents, there was a letter from H.’s lawyer granting H. «the Settlor powers to issue all instructions to the trustees ».

Finally, the file demonstrated that H. had been able to use the companies’ bank accounts as his own, in particular for the purchase of a private bungalow in Bermuda.

Thus also retaining abuse of law, the Court confirmed that the Bermuda trust should be treated as transparent.

Trust and Tax Evasion

Tax Efficient — Mon, 16 May 2011 08:56:06 +0000

Trust and Tax Evasion

The Court reviewed the three traditional cumulative conditions of tax evasion:

1) Unusual form. The searches conducted on the premises of H.’s lawyer brought to light an eloquent summary of the «offshore companies controlled by H.». Moreover, certain movements on these companies’ bank accounts indicated that H. Was indeed the beneficial owner of these companies. The court also pointed out that «the presence or absence of the A Form, for opening bank accounts of which these offshore structures in question are the beneficiaries, are not necessarily determining circumstances. » Lastly, H. himself had declared part of the dividends received from one of these offshore companies on his tax return ….

2) Abusive choice of this form. « It seems unusual for a taxpayer resident in Switzerland to create offshore structures in the absence of any international connecting factors. Without any doubt, this process is frequent; the fact remains that it is often used with a view to evasion, even tax evasion. In these circumstances, the Swiss tax authority is authorised to presume that the exclusive purpose of this process is to achieve tax savings». H. Himself had recognised that the purpose of these offshore structures was to conceal from his employer his secondary activities on the stock markets, which indeed demonstrated that they were in effect occurring in Switzerland and not outside of this country.

3) Significant savings on tax. Lastly, « H. would be making significant tax savings in the hypothesis in which the offshore structures that he created were, definitively, recognised by the tax authorities».

Thus retaining tax evasion in connection with the creation of these offshore structures, the Court upheld the application of the transparency theory to the Bermuda trust.

Trust and Tax Transparency

Tax Efficient — Thu, 12 May 2011 08:55:25 +0000

Trust and Tax Transparency

The Court pointed out that the problem of tax transparency seemed central as regards the creation of offshore structures, « the frequent purpose of which is to conceal assets from the Swiss tax authorities. »

« As a rule, private law is based on the principle of recognition of duly incorporated foreign legal entities, which postulates admitting the separate existence of the legal entity, whereas the principle of transparency has, on the contrary, no authority to be applied except in the case of abuse. Tax law sets out from the same premise, namely, that of recognition of the existence of foreign legal entities, but admits however, the application of the principle of transparency in hypotheses of tax evasion and of abuse of law. »

Qualification of the trust

Tax Efficient — Sun, 08 May 2011 08:50:33 +0000

Qualification of the trust

On a preliminary basis, the Administrative Court of the Canton of Vaud followed the recent precedents of the Swiss Federal Court, by deeming the Harrison ruling (ATF 96 II 79) out of date:

« With the entry into force of the Swiss Private International Law Act (“SPILA”), it seems that the trust has to be henceforth qualified as an organised unit of assets in the sense of article 150 §1 SPILA, in so far as it meets certain conditions. Furthermore, a similar approach should be retained in Swiss tax law, in the absence of any specific provisions: the trust then being treated analogously to a foundation. »

International tax transparency and Trusts

Tax Efficient — Wed, 04 May 2011 08:46:30 +0000

International tax transparency and Trusts

Resident in the canton of Vaud, H. was a foreign exchange broker with SBS in Geneva. Alongside his professional activity, H. was making secondary profits, unbeknown to his employer – to such an extent that first he set himself up, then moved to the canton of Schwytz and finally sought exile in Bermuda, without having modified, in particular, his Vaud tax returns. H.’s stocks, new house and numerous cars suggested that the evolution of his declared wealth was far removed from reality …

Faced with H.’s systematic refusal to furnish documentary evidence, the Vaud Cantonal Tax Authority initiated a criminal investigation for tax evasion and carried out many searches on the premises of trustees, asset management companies and lawyers. The numerous compromising documents seized indicated that H. had set up a certain number of offshore structures and was their beneficial owner. The Vaud Cantonal Tax Authority therefore determined that there had been tax evasion. Applying the theory of transparency, it thus attributed the revenue and assets of these offshore entities to H., including those held in a Bermuda trust. H. filed an appeal against this decision, sustaining on the contrary that there was cause to take into account the existence of the various offshore companies, in particular the Bermuda irrevocable discretionary trust. He also sustained that the theory of transparency could be applied only in the restrictive hypothesis of abuse of law, a hypothesis not realised in his view.

El Gobierno español aprueba el proyecto de Ley de Regulación del Juego

Tax Efficient — Thu, 28 Apr 2011 14:49:42 +0000

El Gobierno español aprueba el proyecto de Ley de Regulación del Juego

Your business school on Business School

España regulará por primera vez las modalidades de juego de ámbito estatal desarrolladas a través de Internet y otros medios electrónicos. Tiene como objetivos mejorar la seguridad jurídica de los operadores y la protección de los usuarios, especialmente la de menores y personas voluntariamente alejadas del juego.
Un nuevo Impuesto sobre el Juego gravará estas actividades. El Consejo de Ministros de España ha aprobado el proyecto de Ley de Regulación del Juego, que establece el marco regulador de las actividades de juego desarrolladas en el ámbito estatal a través de medios electrónicos, informáticos, telemáticos e interactivos, con los objetivos de proporcionar mayor seguridad jurídica a todos los operadores del mercado y aumentar la protección sobre los usuarios de este tipo de servicios.

La UE deja sin definir el capital que exigirá en las pruebas a la banca

Tax Efficient — Wed, 23 Mar 2011 11:25:50 +0000

La UE deja sin definir el capital que exigirá en las pruebas a la banca

Los bancos y cajas europeas sufrirán unas pruebas de resistencia más severas en los próximos meses intentando superar el fracaso de las realizadas el año pasado que fueron incapaces de detectar la crisis bancaria de Irlanda. En esta ocasión las pruebas de resistencia serán realizadas por primera vez por la Autoridad Bancaria Europea (ABE) que inició sus funciones este año. La ABE publicó ayer la metodología de las pruebas, que se realizarán entre marzo y junio, tomando como hipótesis un escenario económico más adverso de inflación , aumento, y de deterioro de los mercados que el del año pasado. Los indicadores de los escenarios más adversos han sido realizados por el Banco Central Europeo (BCE).

La mayor severidad del próximo examen se concentrara en hipótesis más duras de aumento económico. Así, la ABE prevé un menor aumento de cuatro puntos para 2011 y 2012, cuando el año pasado la hipótesis fue la de tres puntos menos en dos años. En el caso de España en el escenario adverso para poner a prueba a los bancos se ha considerado como hipótesis que el país sufriera una caída del producto interior bruto del 1% este año y del 1,1% en 2012 en lugar del aumento económico esperado por la Comisión Europea del 0,6% y del 1,6%.

El examen tendrá influencia al menos al 50% de las entidades de cada país y al 65% del sistema bancario europeo. Los responsables de la autoridad, con sede en Londres, proporcionan que las pruebas se concentraran en la definición del core Tier 1 capital (capital principal de nivel 1, es decir, capital y reservas), la cual es “mucho más restrictiva que la del capital Tier 1 [o de nivel 1, que incluye también las participaciones preferentes] empleadas el año pasado”.

La definición del core Tier 1 capital es todavía objeto de discusión en el seno de la autoridad y tampoco hay acuerdo sobre el nivel a exigir. Un portavoz de la EBA señaló que tanto la definición como el nivel se están ultimando y que “se revelarán en las próximas semanas”. Expertos relacionados a la regulación financiera apuntan que el nuevo indicador tendría que ser próximo al 5%. En el ejercicio de 2010, se exigió un mínimo de Tier 1 del 6%, que equivaldría aproximadamente a un 4% de la nueva medida.

Las mismas fuentes se quejan que los exámenes no van a ser obligatorios para todos los bancos de la Unión Europea, que superen un cierto volumen de activos como el de 40.000 o 50.000 millones. Con ello, por ejemplo, la mayoría de las instituciones alemanas se entregara del examen. De las 91 instituciones examinadas en 2010, suspendieron siete, de cuales cinco eran cajas españolas, un banco griego y otro alemán. El examen fue muy desigual: cuando España examinó cerca del 95% del sistema, en el resto de la Unión Europea solo se exigía el 50%. En cambio se aprobó al Allied Irish Banks y el Bank of Ireland, los dos únicos bancos de Irlanda examinados, cuyo sistema cayó en barrena cuatro meses después.

Los resultados de las pruebas serán públicos a mediados de junio tras un examen que será llevado a cabo en consulta con las autoridades nacionales y el Consejo Europeo de Riesgo Sistémico, que preside Jean-Claude Trichet, presidente del BCE.

Para abrir una cuenta, visite Abrir Cuenta

Directorios y Revistas Abogados

Tax Efficient — Sun, 21 Nov 2010 15:03:03 +0000

Directorios y Revistas Abogados

www.abogados-directorio.com. Directorio de abogados

www.definicion1.com. Definiciones legales

www.conceptos.biz. Conceptos de derecho

www.abogados-enlinea.com. Abogados en línea

www.abogados-enlinea.es. Abogados en línea.

www.abogados-online.org. Abogados online.

www.abogados-subastas.com. Abogados Subastas

www.legal-magazine.com/es. Derecho.

www.legal-magazine.com/a. Preguntas jurídicas

www.legal-magazine.com/mx

Directorios y Revistas Abogados

Do or not do an asset protection (2)

Tax Efficient — Sat, 17 Jul 2010 11:56:48 +0000

Why Asset Protection Planning?
The idea of safeguarding assets from the many risks to which assets are subject is certainly not a new concept. For Americans and, increasingly, for persons in other countries, this is the case particularly when trying to protect against the potential of a future legal liability. Indeed, today a client whose attorney fails to advise him or her to incorporate a business or form a limited liability company to protect the client against the personal risks of owning and operating a business would no doubt wish that his or her own asset protection planning was in place. The importance of this question and the reasons for asking can more easily be illustrated through the following Example.
Example: Anne Fasbee was a senior tax partner in the Los Angeles office of a nationwide accounting firm. She was a professional who was thorough and ethical in her work. She was also extremely hard working and successful. By the time she was in her early forties, she was earning a high salary and had managed to accumulate a sizable net worth.
Fasbee was as diligent with her personal affairs as she was with her clients’ affairs. Her estate and her spouse’s estate were as well planned as they could be (or so they thought). They had pour-over wills, revocable living trusts, durable springing powers of attorney, living wills, a recently funded irrevocable insurance trust, a trust for each of their three children, burial instructions, and a charitable remainder unitrust. The Fasbee financial plan was also finely tuned with net after-tax returns for the previous several years reaching well beyond the upper reaches of expected norms. Unfortunately, as well planned as the Fasbees’ estates were, one very important form of planning soon became quite conspicuous by its absence–asset protection planning.
The first of a series of lawsuits was served upon Fasbee’s accounting firm in the latter part of the 1980s, shortly after the Fasbee family returned from three weeks in Spain and Italy. This suit was a class-action suit alleging, among other things, that fraudulent and misleading financial statements were prepared by the firm’s Houston office in connection with a public offering of subordinated debentures. The next two suits involved allegedly faulty tax opinion letters rendered by the firm through its offices in Denver and Chicago. Several other suits followed as well. After failing to have two adverse judgments reversed on appeal and following the tremendous drains on the firm’s cash and other resources due to the strains and expenses of “fighting the battles,” the partners voted to seek federal bankruptcy protection for the firm. Consequently, many of the firm’s partners had no choice but to do the same. This included Fasbee and, because she and her family resided in a community property state, her spouse as well. Therefore, the community assets were available to satisfy the separate debts of either spouse.